Athenagoras I of Constantinople

Athenagoras I
Athenagoras I
Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
	Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I in 1967
Installed	November 1, 1948
Term ended	July 7, 1972
Predecessor	Maximos V
Successor	Demetrios I
Personal details
Born	Aristocles Matthew Spyrou; 6 April [O.S. 25 March] 1886; Vasilikón, Janina Vilayet, Ottoman Empire (now Epirus, Greece)
Died	July 7, 1972 (aged 86); Phanar, Istanbul, Turkey
Denomination	Eastern Orthodox Church
Alma mater	Holy Trinity Theological School

Athenagoras I (Greek: Αθηναγόρας Αʹ), born Aristocles Matthaiou ("son of Matthew", a patronymic) Spyrou ([Αριστοκλής Ματθαίου Σπύρου] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |links= (help); 6 April [O.S. 25 March] 1886 – July 7, 1972), was Greek Orthodox Archbishop of North and South America from 1930 to 1948^[1] and the 268th Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1948 to 1972.

Biography

Athenagoras was born as Aristocles Matthew Spyrou on April 6 [O.S. March 25] 1886 in the village of Vasiliko, near Ioannina, Epirus (then Ottoman Empire).^[2] He has been described as having been of Aromanian,^[3]^[4]^[5] Albanian,^[6] or Greek descent.^[2] Athenagoras was the son of Matthew N. Spyrou, a doctor, and Helen V. Mokoros.^[2] Athenagoras devoted himself to religion at an early age because of the encouragement he received from his mother and a priest from his village.^[2] After completing his secondary education in 1906, he entered the Holy Trinity Theological School at Halki, near Istanbul, and was ordained a deacon in 1910.^[2]

Upon graduating, he was tonsured a monk, given the name Athenagoras, and ordained to the diaconate. He served as archdeacon of the Diocese of Pelagonia before becoming the secretary to Archbishop Meletius (Metaxakis) of Athens in 1919. While still a deacon, he was elected the Metropolitan of Corfu in 1922 and straightway raised to the episcopacy.

Returning from a fact-finding trip to the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese in America in 1930, Metropolitan Damaskinos recommended to Patriarch Photios II that he appoint Metropolitan Athenagoras to the position of Archbishop of North and South America as the best person to bring harmony to the American diocese. The patriarch made the appointment on August 30, 1930.

When Archbishop Athenagoras assumed his new position on February 24, 1931, he was faced with the task of bringing unity and harmony to a diocese that was racked with dissension between Royalists and Republicans (Venizelists), who had virtually divided the country into separate dioceses. To correct that, he centralized the ecclesiastical administration in the archdiocese offices with all other bishops serving as auxiliaries, appointed to assist the archbishop, without dioceses and administrative rights of their own. He actively worked with his communities to establish harmony. He expanded the work of the clergy-laity congresses and founded the Holy Cross School of Theology. Through his capable and fatherly leadership he withstood early opposition and gained the love and devotion of his people. [citation needed]

Archbishop Athenagoras consecrated the Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity on New York City's Upper East Side on October 22, 1933.^[7] He called it: "The Cathedral of all of Hellenism in America."^[7]

In 1938, Athenagoras was naturalized as a United States citizen.^[8]^[9]

On November 1, 1948, he was elected Patriarch of Constantinople at the age of 62.^[9] In January 1949, he was honored to be flown in the personal airplane of the American president Harry Truman to Istanbul, Turkey to assume his new position.^[10] As Patriarch, he was actively involved with the World Council of Churches and improving relations with the Catholic Church and the Pope.

He was hospitalized on July 6, 1972, for a broken hip, but died from kidney failure in Istanbul (Constantinople) the following day at the age of 86.^[11] He was buried in the cemetery within the grounds of the Church of Saint Mary of the Spring in Balıklı, Istanbul.

Ecumenical relations

Athenagoras's meeting with Pope Paul VI in 1964 in Jerusalem led to rescinding the excommunications of 1054 which historically mark the Great Schism, the schism between the churches of the East and West. This was a significant step towards restoring relations between Rome, Constantinople, and the other patriarchates of Eastern Orthodoxy. It produced the Catholic–Orthodox Joint Declaration of 1965, which was read out on December 7, 1965, simultaneously at a public meeting of the Second Vatican Council in Rome and at a special ceremony in Istanbul (Constantinople).^[12]

The declaration did not end the 1054 schism, but rather showed a desire for reconciliation between the two churches and friendlier relations. Catholic–Eastern Orthodox relations did improve as now neither side was officially calling the other heretics, but it was not an agreement for "full communion" in which both sides would essentially accept the other entirely, nor did such a development come later.

Most Orthodox leaders were mildly positive and accepting toward the move, seeing the old excommunication as too sharp a measure. There was one who strongly objected: Metropolitan Philaret of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad challenged the Patriarch's efforts at rapprochement in an open letter in 1965. He argued that no rapprochement was possible until the Catholic Church "renounces its new doctrines".^[13]

References

Citations

^ Goff 2010, "Eastern Orthodox Christianity", p. 537.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Block, Rothe & Candee 1950, "Athenagoras I, Patriarch", pp. 14–15: "Born March 25, 1886, in Vassilikon, near Janina in the Greek province of Epirus (at that time a part of the Ottoman Empire), the Patriarch, who is of Hellenic stock is the son of Matthew N. Spyrou, a physician, and Helen V. (Mokoros) Spyrou. His baptismal name was Aristocles Matthew Spyrou. Strongly encouraged by his mother and by "the humble priest" of his village (the quoted words are the Patriarch's own), the boy early resolved to devote his life to religion; and in 1906, after completing his secondary education at the Greek school on the island of Halki, near Istanbul, he entered the Holy Trinity Theological School on Halki. The thesis he submitted he submitted for ordination dealt with the election of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from the beginning up to the year 1453. On being ordained deacon in 1910..."
^ Kahl, Thede (2002). "The ethnicity of Aromanians after 1990: the identity of a minority that behaves like a majority". Ethnologia Balkanica. 6: 150. Many national heroes referred to in national historiography are known as having been Aromanians. Examples in Greek history are [...] patriarch Athenagoras
^ Kahl, Thede (2003). "Aromanians in Greece: Minority or Vlach-speaking Greeks?". Jahrbücher für Geschichte und Kultur Südosteuropas. 5: 213. Indeed, the list of examples of Aromanians in Greek history is quite impressive: [...] Athinagoras I. (1886-1972, Patriarch from 1948 to 1972)
^ Tofan, Ioan Alexandru (2018). "Historical sense and transcendence in André Scrima's writings" (PDF). Philobiblon. 23 (2): 156. doi:10.26424/philobib.2018.23.2.01. S2CID 188047262. At Constantinople, he had another providential meeting with the Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras, of Aromanian origin, an eager supporter of the approaching of Orthodox Churches to the Church of Rome.
^ Broun, Janice (1986). "The Status of Christianity in Albania" (PDF). Journal of Church and State. 28 (1): 46. doi:10.1093/jcs/28.1.43. Among notable Albanians of the diaspora are Johan Francis Albani, Pope Clement XI (1649-1720); the late Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, Athenagoras, and Agnes Gonzhe Bojaxkiu, better known as Mother Teresa, who was born in Skopje,
^ ^a ^b "Cathedral History". Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity. 2014. Archived from the original on 7 December 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
^ Block, Rothe & Candee 1950, "Athenagoras I, Patriarch", pp. 14–15.
^ ^a ^b Cianfarra 1950, p. 87.
^ Chrissochoidis 2013, p. 131.
^ Newsweek 1972, p. 172: "Died: ATHENAGORAS I, 86, Ecumenical Patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church, spiritual leader of 125 million Eastern Christians, of kidney failure while hospitalized for a broken hip, in Istanbul, July 6. The Greek-born, white-bearded, 6-foot 4-inch prelate became Ecumenical Patriarch in 1948 after seventeen years in New York as Greek Orthodox Archbishop of North and South America."
^ "Joint Catholic-Orthodox Declaration of his Holiness Pope Paul VI and the Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I". La Santa Sede (Vatican). 7 December 1965.
^ Metropolitan Philaret (December 1965). "A Protest to Patriarch Athenagoras: On the Lifting of the Anathemas of 1054". Orthodox Christian Information Center.

Sources

Block, Maxine; Rothe, Anna Herthe; Candee, Marjorie Dent (1950). Current Biography: Who's News and Why 1949. New York: H.W. Wilson Company.
Chrissochoidis, Ilias (2013). Spyros P. Skouras: Memoirs (1893–1953). Stanford: Brave World.
Cianfarra, Camille Maximillian (1950). The Vatican and the Kremlin. New York: E.P. Dutton & Company, Inc.
Goff, Philip (2010). The Blackwell Companion to Religion in America. Malden and Oxford: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-44-432409-9.
Newsweek (1972). "Time Marches Off". 80. Newsweek, Incorporated. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

External links

Eastern Orthodox Church titles
Preceded by Alexander	Archbishop of America 1931–1948	Succeeded by Michael
Preceded by Maximus V	Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople 1948–1972	Succeeded by Demetrius I

[1] Goff 2010, "Eastern Orthodox Christianity", p. 537.

[Block-Rothe-Candee-2] Block, Rothe & Candee 1950, "Athenagoras I, Patriarch", pp. 14–15: "Born March 25, 1886, in Vassilikon, near Janina in the Greek province of Epirus (at that time a part of the Ottoman Empire), the Patriarch, who is of Hellenic stock is the son of Matthew N. Spyrou, a physician, and Helen V. (Mokoros) Spyrou. His baptismal name was Aristocles Matthew Spyrou. Strongly encouraged by his mother and by "the humble priest" of his village (the quoted words are the Patriarch's own), the boy early resolved to devote his life to religion; and in 1906, after completing his secondary education at the Greek school on the island of Halki, near Istanbul, he entered the Holy Trinity Theological School on Halki. The thesis he submitted he submitted for ordination dealt with the election of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from the beginning up to the year 1453. On being ordained deacon in 1910..."

[3] Kahl, Thede (2002). "The ethnicity of Aromanians after 1990: the identity of a minority that behaves like a majority". Ethnologia Balkanica. 6: 150. Many national heroes referred to in national historiography are known as having been Aromanians. Examples in Greek history are [...] patriarch Athenagoras

[4] Kahl, Thede (2003). "Aromanians in Greece: Minority or Vlach-speaking Greeks?". Jahrbücher für Geschichte und Kultur Südosteuropas. 5: 213. Indeed, the list of examples of Aromanians in Greek history is quite impressive: [...] Athinagoras I. (1886-1972, Patriarch from 1948 to 1972)

[5] Tofan, Ioan Alexandru (2018). "Historical sense and transcendence in André Scrima's writings" (PDF). Philobiblon. 23 (2): 156. doi:10.26424/philobib.2018.23.2.01. S2CID 188047262. At Constantinople, he had another providential meeting with the Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras, of Aromanian origin, an eager supporter of the approaching of Orthodox Churches to the Church of Rome.

[6] Broun, Janice (1986). "The Status of Christianity in Albania" (PDF). Journal of Church and State. 28 (1): 46. doi:10.1093/jcs/28.1.43. Among notable Albanians of the diaspora are Johan Francis Albani, Pope Clement XI (1649-1720); the late Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, Athenagoras, and Agnes Gonzhe Bojaxkiu, better known as Mother Teresa, who was born in Skopje,

[Cathedral-7] "Cathedral History". Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity. 2014. Archived from the original on 7 December 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2014.

[8] Block, Rothe & Candee 1950, "Athenagoras I, Patriarch", pp. 14–15.

[Cianfarra-9] Cianfarra 1950, p. 87.

[10] Chrissochoidis 2013, p. 131.

[11] Newsweek 1972, p. 172: "Died: ATHENAGORAS I, 86, Ecumenical Patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church, spiritual leader of 125 million Eastern Christians, of kidney failure while hospitalized for a broken hip, in Istanbul, July 6. The Greek-born, white-bearded, 6-foot 4-inch prelate became Ecumenical Patriarch in 1948 after seventeen years in New York as Greek Orthodox Archbishop of North and South America."

[12] "Joint Catholic-Orthodox Declaration of his Holiness Pope Paul VI and the Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I". La Santa Sede (Vatican). 7 December 1965.

[13] Metropolitan Philaret (December 1965). "A Protest to Patriarch Athenagoras: On the Lifting of the Anathemas of 1054". Orthodox Christian Information Center.

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Patriarchs of Constantinople (Ottoman period, 1453–1923 AD)	Gennadius II Isidore II Joasaph I Sophronius I Mark II Symeon I Dionysius I Raphael I Maximus III Nephon II Maximus IV Joachim I Pachomius I Theoleptus I Jeremias I Joannicius I Dionysius II Joasaph II Metrophanes III Jeremias II Pachomius II Theoleptus II Matthew II Gabriel I Theophanes I Meletius I Neophytus II Raphael II Cyril I Timothy II Gregory IV Anthimus II Cyril II Athanasius III Neophytus III Parthenius I Parthenius II Joannicius II Cyril III Paisius I Parthenius III Gabriel II Parthenius IV Dionysius III Clement Methodius III Dionysius IV Gerasimus II Athanasius IV James Callinicus II Neophytus IV Gabriel III Neophytus V Cyprianus Athanasius V Cyril IV Cosmas III Jeremias III (Callinicus III) Paisius II Seraphim I Neophytus VI Cyril V Callinicus IV (III) Seraphim II Joannicius III Samuel Meletius II Theodosius II Sophronius II Gabriel IV Procopius Neophytus VII Gerasimus III Gregory V Callinicus V (IV) Jeremias IV Cyril VI Eugenius II Anthimus III Chrysanthus Agathangelus Constantius I Constantius II Gregory VI Anthimus IV Anthimus V Germanus IV Meletius III Anthimus VI Cyril VII Joachim II Sophronius III Joachim III Joachim IV Dionysius V Neophytus VIII Anthimus VII Constantine V Germanus V Meletius IV
Patriarchs of Constantinople (Turkish period, since 1923 AD)	Gregory VII Constantine VI Basil III Photius II Benjamin Maximus V Athenagoras Demetrius Bartholomew
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